双语教育的重要性与挑战
The Importance & Challenges of Bilingual Education
2001年3月2日,内阁资政李光耀在一个同马来社群代表对话会谈的场合中指出:[……在教学媒介语方面,新加坡是个特殊的例子,我们用的不是大多数种族的语文。……]。<Ref1*>
李资政指的是自1987年,我国独立22年之后才塑造形成的,以英文为主要教学媒介语的全国统一源流学校的教育政策。
这项特殊的教育政策能被各族大多数人民接受的一个重要原因是因为它是建基于双语教育(英语及各族母语)的承诺上。<Ref2*>
这个承诺不但让各族能够保存及学习本身的母语,也让各族能安心的支持英语做为共同语,减轻人们担心中立的共同语会变成取代母语,造成国家社会的语文和文化全盘西化的忧虑。
所以很明显的,在特殊的教育政策下,双语教育,特别是做为第二语文的母语教育,扮演的是十分重要的平衡与公正的角色。这是我们的立国基础之一,也是语文问题的决策受一般人民认可的道德与公信力的基础。政府推行双语教育,坚持第二语文必须是各族的母语因此是有道理的。<Ref3*>
双语教育面对的挑战是,当我国的社会逐渐由全国统一源流学校毕业的人民组成后,双语教育还会受到人们的支持或认真的对待吗?这是合理的疑问与担心,因为近来又有议员认为母语教育是可以搬动的“大石头(Boulder)”<Ref4*>,也有国人认为第二语文不应该硬性规定为族群母语<Ref5*>。我们知道这些观点目前还没有市场是因为他们还是少数人的看法。但,将来呢?
要将来所有都以英文做为第一语文的各族新加坡人能像目前及先辈的新加坡人一样宽宏大度的理解、包容、尊重及支持双语教育<Ref6*>,我们除了必须确保学校推行的双语教育始终保持有效的水准之外,也必须鼓励国人保留母语做为家庭用语之一,这对帮助孩子从小就建立母语的听、说能力,培养孩子对母语自然健康的亲切感情都是十分重要的。
另外,我们也应该尽量鼓励及让成人终身有机会接触和应用母语。比如,至少在个人层面,所有经过双语教育栽培的成人,特别是学者、知识份子、文教工作者(例如教师,校长)、公务人员、专业人士等等,都可以自我要求,尽量养成看两份报章(英文及母语报章)的习惯(当然这只是最基本的做法)。这不但有助于人们维持母语的掌握能力,也有助于人们从实践中学习应用(苦学多年的)双语看世界、认识世界。以便真正成为具备双语视野的新加坡人。
因此,双语教育要达至的显然并不仅止于人人考取一纸(“优异”的双语)文凭。它要成就的是一个人人都尊重双语的社会传统。一个能让人民在实际生活中应用双语,通过双语视野看待各族及东西方文化的新加坡人社会。这应该是每个新加坡人无可推卸的责任。也是双语教育是否能长远生存的真正关键!
以下是本文的注解(Ref):
参考:早报.04/March/2001,"李资政同马来社群代表对话"
[……社会的融合是个双向的过程。政府希望我们的马来人能融入我们的社会,却不能强迫他们。我们的马来人将决定他们要和非马来人建立什么样的关系。如果新加坡的马来人表示他们选择同其他社群隔离,那其他的社群就会根据马来人发出的讯息做出相对的反应。作为一个占大多数的种族,华人必须显示它愿意扩大不同族群的共同领域,以让其他种族共同参与。我国的教育政策就采取这项原则。华族新加坡人都把孩子送入以英语为教学媒介的国民型学校,而不再把他们送进以华文作教学媒介的华校。在教学媒介语方面,新加坡是个特殊的例子,我们用的不是大多数种族的语文。……]
Reference: The Sunday Times (The Straits Times), Home News, March 4 2001, "SM's Dialogue With The Malay Community"
[...Integration is a two-way process. The Government would like our Malays to be an integral part of our society, but cannot force them. Our Malays will decide the kind of relationship they want with the non-Malays. If Malays in Singapore show that they prefer to be separate, the other communities will pick up these signals and react accordingly. As the majority race, the Chinese have to show a willingness to expand the common ground by including other races. This has happened in education. Chinese Singaporeans send their children to national schools that teach in English, no longer to Chinese-medium schools. We are an exceptional country where the language of the majority is not the medium of instruction in schools...]
至少从政府自立国以来就一直向人民强调及坚决推行双语教育政策的努力看来,它所体现的意义和给人民的印象显然就是:这是一个重要的承诺。
Ref3: 若搬开了双语教育的母语基石,各族为了本身母语的生存,可能就只好公事公办,放弃Give.And.Take的态度,并且依照自由民主的规则(这也是那些想要放弃母语的国人常常要求的)及宪法赋予他们的权力,要求政府公平对待他们的语文,让他们的语文提升到与英语同等受重用的程度。试问这样的局面会比推行有效的双语教育,以及让母语在社会上有一定的应用与生存空间,付出更少的代价及更容易承担吗?
参考:早报.21/May/2002,关于政府国会教育委员会主席王家园博士(武吉知马区议员)在国会辩论教育部预算开支时的报导:
[……另外有关母语教育政策,王家园说,这虽然至今仍是一个神圣不可侵犯的课题,但从我国不论种族,有越来越多家庭以英语为母语的趋势来看,这个政策是值得检讨的。他希望政府“重造新加坡”委员会能务实地看待这个问题,不因为它神圣不可侵犯,而不愿作出根本的改变……]
Reference: The Straits Times, May 21 2002, Dr Wang Kai Yuen (Bukit Timah), GPC chairman for Education, who called on the Education Ministry to relook streaming, ranking of schools and its mother tongue policy (during debate on the Education Ministry's budget in Parliament).
[..."The Government has pledged that it will leave no stone unturned in remaking Singapore...The question is whether we have been turning over the same stones over and over again, such that there is actually nothing very creepy and crawly underneath any more. Instead, we should be bold enough to turn over some of the bigger boulders. In the area of education, streaming, ranking and mother tongue could be some of these bigger boulders."...]
Reference: The Straits Times, Prime News, August 13 2002
Panel wants Pri 4 streaming scrapped
Radical ideas at 'Remaking Singapore' meet include call for review of bilingual policy and easing up of rules on politics
[...The suggestion to scrap streaming was among two dozen proposals tossed up when about 100 people on the sub-committees of the Remaking Singapore Committee met at a retreat last month. Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong set up the Remaking Singapore Committee in February under Minister of State for National Development Vivian Balakrishnan to study how Singapore can be changed politically, socially and culturally to face new challenges. Those at the retreat included professionals, community leaders, members of non-government organisations and MPs...
...The Straits Times obtained a copy of the retreat report, which lists radical proposals to reinvent Singapore...
...Apart from streaming, another education policy that drew attention was the bilingual policy which requires all children to study their mother tongue language. The group has called for a review of the policy to allow children to choose a second language irrespective of their race...
...A member of the Remaking Singapore Committee told The Straits Times that most of the recommendations were still sketchy. They will be thought through further and fleshed out, and may be submitted to the Cabinet near the end of the year...]
当然,目前及先辈的新加坡人之所以能够宽宏大度相处的部份原因是由于各族一直以来都能在语文及文化的问题上维持互相平衡的结果。因此大家都能在自重与尊重他人的心理基础上交往,并且能真正以同理心去谅解、包容彼此对本身语文和文化的珍惜和传承的愿望。这应该是多元种族社会的人民能否长远和谐共处的一个重要心理素质。